The Vinland Map
1440 CE (claimed) / disputed
The Vinland Map purports to be a 15th-century world map showing a large island west of Greenland labelled 'Vinlanda Insula' — evidence that Norse explorers mapped North America 50 years before Columbus. It has been the subject of one of the most heated authenticity debates in the history of cartography, with scientific analyses producing contradictory results.